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A month ago we identified a qualitative shift in the nature of the risk: it was no longer merely a price risk but had become a genuine risk of physical access to product. One month on, far from receding, that assessment has been confirmed. The remarks of the European...

In March 2026, the escalation of the conflict between the United States, Israel and Iran has triggered one of the most severe geopolitical disruptions of the last decade, profoundly altering the global energy balance and with effects that extend far beyond the...

Since 2015, airlines operating commercial passenger flights from airports located in Catalonia have been subject to a specific regional tax on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions generated during the landing and take-off phases of aircrafts (LTO cycle, for short). This...

Air transport is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the development of electric, digital and automated technologies. In this context, Innovative Air Mobility (IAM) is emerging. It is a new ecosystem based on sustainable propulsion systems and the use of...

On 11 December 2025, the Spanish Congress of Deputies definitively approved the first specific piece of legislation regulating customer service in Spain. This represents an unprecedented development in the Spanish legal system, where rules governing this area had...

Europe's airspace is one of the densest and most complex in the world: it encompasses more than 11 million flights per year, 27 European Union Member States and a dozen associated countries, more than 60 air navigation service providers and a mosaic of national...

On 16 October 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) handed down a ruling of particular relevance to international air transport (case C-218/24), resolving a preliminary ruling requested by Madrid Commercial Court No. 4¹. The debate revolved around a...

On 12 October 2025, the Entry and Exit System (EES) will come into force throughout the European Union, one of the most ambitious reforms in border control in recent decades. This system will replace the traditional manual stamping of passports for third-country...

INTRODUCTION: SECURITY THAT PREVENTS HARM A few days ago, we had the opportunity to visit the Civil Guard facilities at Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD) and see first-hand the extraordinary work carried out by the team of this detachment. During the visit,...

The entry into force of Regulation (EU) 2023/2405 (ReFuelEU Aviation)¹ in January 2025 represents one of the most ambitious steps taken by the European Union to decarbonise air transport. This regulation, which imposes progressive obligations to incorporate...